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Palm Acid Oil (PAO) is a biofuel feedstock derived from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). PAO is a by-product of the chemical refining of palm oil and consists of FFA (over 50%) and neutral oil, with 2-3% moisture and other impurities. It is very similar to palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), but its FFA is generally lower. The largest waste by-product generated during the production of CPO is palm oil mill effluent (POME). For every ton of CPO produced, 2.9 tonnes of POME is generated. POME is the result of large quantities of steam and hot water used to clean the fruit and separate the shell and cake from the palm fruit. The water and steam are washed away on the mill floor and directed to waste ponds that gather the POME residue. POME consists of 3 to 5% of Palm Acid Oil (PAO) and 95 to 97% of water. Once the PAO is processed and extracted from the POME, the PAO residue can be sold as a feedstock to produce 2nd generation biofuels. |
| Palm Oil Mill Effluent Oil (POME) / Palm Acid Oil (PAO) |
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Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by-product from refining crude palm oil. PFAD is a light brown semi-solid at room temperature melting to a brown liquid on heating. PFADs comprise mainly of free fatty acid (FFA) (>80%) with palmitic acid and oleic acid as the major components. The remaining components are triglycerides, partial glycerides and unsaponifiable matters, e.g. vitamin E, sterols, squalenes and volatile substances. PFAD are generally used in the soap industry, animal feed industry, and as raw materials for oleochemical industries, e.g. in the manufacture of candles, cosmetics and toiletries. |
| Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) |
| Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillate (PKFAD) is produced during the refining process of the palm kernel based oils. PKFAD is widely used in the oleochemicals industries for making soap, detergent and shampoos. It is also used as an ingredient for animal feeds. |
| Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillate (PKFAD) |
| Coconut Fatty Acid Distillate (CFAD) is a by-product from the Refining, Bleaching and Deodorising (RBD) process of Crude Coconut Oil. CFAD is used as raw material for fatty acid producers as well as animal feed manufacturers. |
| Coconut Fatty Acid Distillate (CFAD) |
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Used Cooking Oil (UCO) are oils and fats that have been used for cooking or frying in the food processing industry, restaurants, fast foods and at consumer level, in households. UCO is a composition of different mixture of oils which are discarded from the industrial deep fryers. This undergoes intense dewatering and filtration from sludge. Oil such as Canola Oil, Sunflower Oil, Palm Olein, Soybean Oil are discarded and can be repurposed for use as an alternative fuel for diesel engines and for heating oil burners. For engines designed to burn diesel fuel, the viscosity of vegetable oil must be lowered to allow for proper atomisation of the fuel, otherwise incomplete combustion and carbon build up will ultimately damage the engine. UCO was mainly used as biodiesel fuel feedstock to be converted to renewable fuels and other products that help reduce reliance on fossil oil and greenhouse gas emissions in various areas of life. |
| Used Cooking Oil (UCO) |
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Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) are the shell fractions left after the nut has been removed after crushing in the palm oil mill. Kernel shells are a fibrous material and can be easily handled in bulk directly from the product line to the end use. Large and small shell fractions are mixed with dust-like fractions and small fibres. PKS is fast becoming an important source of feedstock for biomass energy generation. Traditionally, PKS was used by palm oil mills as a source of energy, interest from power generators is growing. Given its high energy content (14-20GJ/t) and the fact that it is a waste product, PKS is a relatively cheap source of biomass fuel. |
| Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) |